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A:G Ratio (albumin:globulin)

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2 ml whole blood

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

ACTH (Endogenous)

Suitable collection

EDTA plasma (plastic tube only)

There are published data for this assay method for dogs and horses, but not for other species

See Comments for specific collection and storage instructions

Unsuitable collection

PC
LH
SC
Samples from species other than canine or equine

Minimum sample size

0.5 ml whole blood

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

The information below is also available on this website (ACTH)
Preferably fast the animal overnight prior to collection.
The animal should not be stressed or excited.
Collect a minimum of 1 mL of blood into a plastic EDTA tube.
Immediately place the sample in the refrigerator; this is important as ACTH deteriorates rapidly at room temperature. Do not centrifuge the sample.
If possible, keep the sample cool during transit to the laboratory; this is particularly important during the summer months.
Samples collected and stored correctly are stable for at 24 - 48 hours.
Samples that will not be analysed within 24 - 48 hours should be centrifuged, the plasma removed and placed in a new EDTA tube, and submitted to the lab frozen (should not defrost during transit).

Ref: Scott-Moncrieff JK, Koshko MA et al. (2003).Validation of a chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay for plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone in the dog. Vet Clin Path 23:180-187.

States

ACTH Stimulation Test (cortisol x 2)

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

Minimum sample size

0.5 ml in each PC tube

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Cortisol concentration is now measured on the Atellica (previous measurement was on the Immulite 2000). The interpretative comments have also been updated. Note that direct comparison between cortisol concentrations from different assays is not possible.

Standard ACTH (aqueous solution) stimulation protocol

Take a 0h blood into a serum tube.
Inject 5μg/kg Synacthen® IV.
Take another blood sample 1h later into a serum tube.
Label sample times clearly on the tubes.
Tick Cortisol x 2 (code E02) l on submission form.
If only submitting the 1h sample, tick Cortisol x 1 (code E01) but indicate in history that an ACTH stim test performed.

Vetnostics Pathology’s post-stimulation reference range and interpretation is based on this protocol. If using another protocol eg 1 ug/kg IV with testing exactly 60 minutes later (also adequate) or IM/SC protocols, the test details must be included. Synacthen can be stored frozen in appropriate aliquots for 6 months.

Depot ACTH (Synacthen® Depot) stimulation protocol

Collect a basal (0 hour) blood sample into a serum tube.
Inject 250ug of Synacthen® Depot IM.
Collect a further blood sample into a serum tube 60 mins later.
Label sample times clearly on the tube.
Clearly indicate on the submission form that Depot Synacthen formulation was utilised as well as indicating dosage and blood sampling times.
Tick Cortisol x 2 (code E02) l on submission form.
If only submitting the 1h sample, tick Cortisol x 1 (code E01) but indicate in history that an ACTH stim test performed.

The Vetnostics Pathology reference intervals are not validated for this procedure. There is limited data available to assess the post-stim cortisol concentrations after depot Synacthen relative to the cortisol concentrations observed after aqueous Synacthen). From the limited literature available, testing at 60 minutes would appear to be the best approximation. Given that there is no longer a price advantage of depot Synacthen, we do not recommend this product routinely unless aqueous Synacthen is not available. There is no data that would validate freezing of any remaining depot Synacthen.

Following medical therapy for hyperadrenocorticism an ACTH stimulation test should be performed:

Trilostane

Perform the test 4-6 hours after administration of trilostane.

‍

Mitotane

Perform the test 36-48 hours post administration of mitotane.

‍

Comments

Diagnostic testing for hyperadrenocorticism should not be performed in dogs that have severe non-adrenal illness as false positive test results may occur. In dogs with significant concurrent disease such as diabetic ketoacidosis or pancreatitis, adrenal function testing should be delayed until concurrent disease is either resolved or reasonably stable.
All corticosteroids apart from dexamethasone will cross-react with the cortisol assay to some extent. To avoid cross-reaction interfering with the assay results, the following withholding times are recommended:
Cortisone acetate 12h
Prednisolone 24h
Fludrocortisone 24h
When assessing for hyperadrenocorticism in a dog that has been receiving corticosteroids, the appropriate withholding time must be observed and an ACTH stimulation test used in preference to a low dose dexamethasone suppression test.

States

ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
CIT
FL

Minimum sample size

1.0 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

The corticosteroid isoenzyme is no longer measured.

States

ALT (Alanine aminotranferase)

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

ANA (Antinuclear Antibody)

Suitable collection

PC (canine only)

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL whole blood

Turnaround time

Run Monday and Thursday
Results are available by 2pm the following day.
Cut off time 7pm previous working weekday

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

AP1 - Partial avian profile

Suitable collection

LH
EDTA
PC (biochemistry only)
Freshly made smear is useful for CBC

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

AP1 includes CBC, AST, GLDH, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid.
Please list the priority tests for small samples.

States

AP2 - Complete avian profile

Suitable collection

LH
EDTA
PC (biochemistry only)
A fresh smear is useful for the CBC

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

AP2 includes a CBC, AST, CK, GGT, ALP, CK, GLDH, GGT, cholesterol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, Na, K, Cl.
Prioritise tests for small samples.

States

AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

AST may be from either skeletal muscle or liver origin
To assess muscle damage, measure both CK and AST
AST is also present in RBCs and activity may be higher in haemolysed samples

States

Adenovirus antibody titre*

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT
FL

Minimum sample size

3 ml whole blood

Turnaround time

Referred test - Up to 4 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Can be done as an individual test, or as a combination (distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus).

States

Albumin

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Aldosterone

Suitable collection

PC (aldosterone) separated within 4 hours (preferably submit frozen)
If renin is required, frozen EDTA plasma must be submitted (separated within 1 hour)

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1.25 mL whole blood (minimum 500 uL serum) - submit frozen if possible

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Centrifuge and freeze serum or plasma ASAP.
Published reference ranges available.
Aldosterone can be measured with renin, however the validity of the renin assay in veterinary species is uncertain.
Renin measurement requires 1ml EDTA plasma (2ml whole blood) that has been frozen within 1 hour of collection.

States

Allergy Test - Allercept IgE*

Suitable collection

PC
Store at 2-8^oC prior to sending to the laboratory

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

Minimum sample size

6 mL whole blood (Take enough blood to yield at least 3ml of serum)

‍

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Steroid therapy should be withdrawn prior to testing.
Antihistamine therapy can be continued prior to testing.
Results reported to the clinic include contact details of veterinary dermatologists who can advise on specific therapy.

Comments

Available for dogs, cats and horses
For evaluation for inhaled allergens. Food allergens are NOT included in the testing panel.

States

Amylase

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Amyloid A (Serum)

Suitable collection

PC (serum)
Synovial fluid

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA
FL
Samples from species other than equine or feline

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood (plain/clot activated tube)
1 mL serum
0.5 mL synovial fluid in an EDTA tube

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

SAA is an acute phase protein which is increased as part of the acute phase response.
It is increased in response to a wide range of processes which result in tissue injury; these include bacterial and viral infection, parasitic infestation, surgery, ischaemia, and neoplasia.
SAA is a major acute phase protein in the horse.
Following acute inflammation, SSA shows a rapid increase and peaks within 36-48 hours.
After the resolution of inflammatory disease, there is an equally rapid decrease.

States

Anaemia Panel - Feline

Suitable collection

EDTA

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml whole blood

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

PCR panel including Mycoplasma haemofelis, M. haemominutum and M. turicensis.

States

Anaemia panel - Canine

Suitable collection

EDTA

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Panel includes:

Anaplasma platyus
Babesia vogeli
Bartonella spp.
Mycoplasma haemocanis
Mycoplasma haemoparvum
Ehrlichia canis
Hepatozoon canis

This is a non-NATA accredited test and is unsuitable for export

States

Anti-Müllerian Hormone

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

Minimum sample size

0.75 ml whole blood (minimum 300 uL serum)

Turnaround time

5 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

AMH is a hormone involved in gender differentiation in the developing embryo. In sexually mature animals it is produced by the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles and in the sertoli cells of the testicles.
AMH levels markedly decline following neutering.
Single measurement of AMH is therefore highly effective in differentiating between sexually intact and neutered dogs and cats of both sexes. AMH is also useful in identifying cases of ovarian remnant syndrome and cryptorchidism.
The test is only suitable for animals over 6 months and repeat testing may be needed for animals between 6-12 months.
AMH can be used to detect granulosa cell tumours in mares (note that inhibin is no longer available) and used to distinguish between cryptorchid and castrated horses.
AMH concentration will tend to increase with sample storage.

States

Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody*

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood (absolute minimum of 500uL serum)

Turnaround time

3 - 4 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis
Can be used in dogs and cats

States

Aspergillus Galactomannan - systemic Aspergillosis*

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test.
Galactomannan is a molecule found in the cell wall of Aspergillus sp and can be used as a screening test for systemic Aspergillosis.
Also consider checking a urine sample for fungal elements.
Serum should be frozen within 48 hours.

States

Aspergillus check (urine)

Suitable collection

Urine (preferably cystocentesis sample)

Unsuitable collection

Blood

Minimum sample size

2 mL minimum
Preferably 10 mL to allow concentration

Turnaround time

Initial report the first day
If negative, it is re-examined again 24 hours later

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes wet microscopy report and SG
Sediment is examined again after 24 hours for fungal hyphae in addition to the initial examination

States

Avian Sexing (DNA)*

Suitable collection

Feathers with some blood soaked in the quill (at least 2 feathers)
LH blood soaked into filter paper (200uL)

Unsuitable collection

Mature chest feathers are unlikely to yield DNA for testing.
Feathers that have been collected from the ground or moulted feathers are not suitable.
Clipped feathers cannot be tested.

Minimum sample size

3 weeks

Turnaround time

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
One sample per container as it is important to avoid contamination.

States

BOHB (B-hydroxybutyrate)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

BRAF Urine Test*

Suitable collection

Urine sample submitted in a specific container with a preservative (available from Vetpath)

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood
Un-preserved urine

‍

Minimum sample size

25 - 40ml urine (fill the pot to the line on the side)
The sample must be placed into the preservative within 15 minutes of collection.
Multiple collections over a day can be used to achieve the required volume.
See comments below for more information.

‍

Turnaround time

3 - 4 weeks

‍

General

‍85% of canine transitional cell (urothelial) carcinomas (TCC/UC) carry a mutation in the BRAF geneThis mutation may be detected in a urine sample containing as few as 10 mutant-bearing cells15% of canine TCC/UC lack BRAF mutation. More than two thirds of these have other genomic signatures detectable by a second level test (BRAF-PLUS). See also Notes below. The overall sensitivity to detect canine TCC/UC is therefore > 95%. Specificity of both BRAF and BRAF-PLUS tests is ~ 100%.- The BRAF mutation has not been detected in non-neoplastic bladder lesions, including benign polyps and cystitis- The test is not impacted by the presence of blood, protein, glucose or bacteria in urine, or by drug therapy (including antibiotics and NSAIDS).

‍

Indications

Any dog with unexplained bladder wall change on ultrasound examination (especially broad-based mass-like lesion).

Dogs over 6 years old with:

- Undiagnosed cause of lower urinary tract disease (e.g. haematuria, dysuria, stranguria, pollakiuria, incontinence)

- Non-resolved urinary tract infection after appropriate antibiotic treatment

- As a screening test in high-risk breeds.

During chemotherapy for TCC/UC to monitor treatment success via decreased levels of BRAF mutation, or to monitor for relapse by detection of BRAF mutation-bearing cells.

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Urine must be collected into a special preservative solution

To obtain a test kit email [email protected].

The test kit consists of:

- Urine sample jar containing preservative

- Antech instruction sheet for owner (or veterinarian) regarding collection

- Antech checklist form for veterinarian to complete

- Vetpath BRAF Instructions for Veterinarian.

The required sample is 40 mL free-catch (voided) urine

- A smaller volume of urine (10-25 mL) may be submitted though the sensitivity may be decreased (this is less likely to be a problem if a bladder mass can be visualised)

- A smaller volume may also limit option of the second level BRAF-PLUS test, if required (see above and below)

- Urine collected by cystocentesis or catheterisation is NOT recommended since the sensitivity may be decreased.

Urine should first be collected into a clean, dry container and transferred into the preservative within 15 minutes of collection

Once in the preservative, urine is stable for several days at room temperature when kept out of direct sunlight

Short periods of refrigeration should not affect the specimen but refrigeration is not necessary

Urine collection may take place over 2-3 days as long as each aliquot is promptly placed into the preservative solution and stored out of direct sunlight.

‍

Comments

‍Vetpath prepares cytocentrifuge smears from the urine. These smears are sent to USA for testing.

If the submitted sample does not have detectable BRAF mutation, the BRAF-PLUS test for other relevant genomic signatures (see above) will automatically be performed at no additional charge. However, because more DNA is required to perform the BRAF-PLUS assay, a small number of samples that are BRAF-undetected will not be eligible for the BRAF-PLUS assay, and a new urine sample must be submitted (which will incur a second charge).

When a mass is detected, histologic confirmation of TCC/UC is recommended which may also indicate whether the mass has invaded the muscle wall. Further imaging and evaluation of local lymph nodes should be performed to stage the disease.

Reference
https://www.antechdiagnostics.com/laboratory-diagnostics/molecular-diagnostics/cadet-braf-plus

States

Babesia - smear evaluation

Suitable collection

Air-dried blood smear
EDTA blood

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL if submitting blood

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Capillary blood (no anticoagulant) is most likely to yield positive results in infected animals.

States

Babesia caballi ELISA

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Tuesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Test method: ELISA
IFA is currently unavailable.

If the sample is going to be in transit for more than 24 hours, it is recommended that it should be separated and the serum sent rather than whole blood.

States

Babesia canis IFA

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Tuesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Babesia equi ELISA

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Tuesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Test method: ELISA
IFA is currently unavailable
If the sample is going to be in transit for more than 24 hours, it is recommended that it should be separated and the serum sent rather than whole blood.

‍

States

Babesia gibsoni PCR

Suitable collection

EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5ml

Turnaround time

2 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

The tests are performed weekdays as required.
Babesia gibsoni PCR can be performed as part of a New Zealand export combo with Heartworm antigen testing.

States

Bacterial identification

Suitable collection

Culture plate & orginal swab

‍

Unsuitable collection

Culture plate alone

‍

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

12 - 48 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Bartonella PCR*

Suitable collection

EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1ml whole blood

Turnaround time

14 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Send as part of the canine or feline anaemia panel

‍

States

Bartonella henselae IFA

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Tuesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Beak Feather Disease in Psittacine Birds*

Suitable collection

At least 3 freshly plucked feathers. These should be sealed in a small plastic bag or container.

and/or

LH blood: The volume should reflect the size of the bird, only a few drops are required for smaller species.

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
PC

‍

Minimum sample size

Blood: volume of LH blood depends on size of bird, a few drops from smaller species is acceptable
Feathers: at least 3 freshly plucked feathers (send in small plastic bag or container).

‍

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
PCR test for Circovirus

‍

States

Bicarbonate

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Bile Acids

Suitable collection

PC (non-hemolysed)
EDTA (non-hemolysed)

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH (interferes)
FL
Hemolysed samples

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

The animal must be fasted for 12 hours.
Collect a fasting blood sample. Clearly label the tube with the patient’s details and ‘0 hr’ or “Pre” sample.
Feed the dog or cat a small meal to stimulate gall bladder contraction. It is recommended that pets<5kg of body weight eat at least two teaspoons of food, those that weigh more eat at least two tablespoons. It is important to watch closely to ensure that all of the food is eaten. Avoid overfeeding as this may result in sample lipaemia which can interfere with the bile acid assay.
Collect the post-prandial blood sample 2 hours after feeding. Clearly label the tube as ‘2 hr’ or ‘Post’ sample.

Comments

Haemolysed samples will provide inaccurate results and non-haemolysed samples are therefore required.

Inadequate food intake can result in failure of the gall bladder to contract and falsely low postprandial results.

Additional non-invasive diagnostic options includes abdominal imaging (ultrasound or advanced imaging).

States

Bilirubin

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Biochemistry - single tests

Suitable collection

PC
LH (some tests)

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA (can do some tests)

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

If more than two or three tests, look to see if there is a profile or monitoring panel that is more economic.

States

Bladder Tumour Antigen (BTA) - Canine

Suitable collection

Urine (sample must be as fresh as possible, preferably < 24 hours old, can store at 2-7^oC for up to 48 hours)

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood
Urine greater than 48 hours old

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 ml (more is desirable for the wet microscopy)

‍

Turnaround time

3 working days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Canine only
Test includes wet microscopy
Sensitivity 90%, specificity 78%
Negative predictive value 95%, positive predictive value 64%
False positive results increased by >30-40 RBC/hpf, >3-40 WBC/hpf, glucosuria 4+, proteinuria 4+

‍

States

Blood Culture

Suitable collection

1 - 4 mL of non-anticoagulated blood in a blood culture bottle.
Do not refrigerate the sample.

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood collected into any other container

‍

Minimum sample size

1ml

Turnaround time

Cultures are examined at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 7 days.

‍

General

Preferred blood culture bottle is BacT/ALERT PF Paediatric. These can be ordered using our Vet Supply Requisition Form. These bottles are suitable for aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (bacteria and yeast). Obligate anaerobes may require a dedicated BacT/ALERT Anaerobic blood culture bottle (which can also be ordered using our Vet Supply Requisition Form). Compared to traditional manual methods using glass bottles, the BacT/ALERT bottles have added benefits including:

Continuous monitoring using an automated system
Positive results can be detected and reported faster
False negative results are minimised
Bottles are shatter-resistant, maximising safety.

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Check the expiry date shown on the blood culture bottle label.
Before use, examine the broth for turbidity (which may indicate contamination). Discard if there is any evidence of turbidity.
repare the site of collection as for a surgical site (70% ethanol should be allowed to act for at least 30 seconds).
Prepare the blood culture bottle: Remove the plastic flip-off cap and disinfect the exposed part of the rubber stopper (70% ethanol should be allowed to act for at least 30 seconds).
Collect blood by venepuncture using a strict aseptic technique and sterile equipment.
Immediately transfer blood (or body fluid) into the blood culture bottle.
- Volume to infuse in paediatric bottle: 0.5 – 4mL blood/fluid
- Volume to infuse into anaerobic bottle: 8 – 10mL blood/fluid
- Thoroughly mix the sample with the medium in the bottle.
- Keep the inoculated blood culture bottle at room temperature. Do NOT refrigerate.
- Tick the appropriate test box on the submission form:
  - For blood tick BCV Blood Culture box.
  - For all other body fluids (e.g. synovial fluid) tick VSP Body Fluid culture box

Comments

For optimal chances of a positive culture, collect samples from two different sites at the peak of the pyrexia (samples will be charged as one).
Another sample within 24 hours can also be submitted (will be charged as a separate culture) to increase the chance of a positive culture.
Do not refrigerate.
Positives are reported as soon as they flag positive. Negative results are reported at day 5 of culture.
Ideally the sample should be collected prior to antibiotic therapy, as the likelihood of a positive blood culture result is significantly reduced in patients receiving antibiotics.
Culture of 2 – 4 blood samples taken during a 24 – 48 hour period may be necessary to obtain a positive result. If the animal is intermittently febrile, specimens should be collected when the body temperature spikes.
Multiple sample submissions will be charged separately.

States

QLD

Blood Typing

Suitable collection

EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

Plain clotted
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml EDTA blood

‍

Turnaround time

Canine - 24 hours
Feline - 3 - 5 working days (send away test)

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

In dogs, the blood typing test will classify dogs as DEA 1.1 positive or negative.
In cats, the immunochromatographic test will classify cats as Type A, Type B or Type AB.

States

Blood smear examination

Suitable collection

EDTA blood

Air-dried EDTA blood smear

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL if submitting blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

A full CBC provides much more information than blood smear examination alone for little extra cost.

‍

States

Body fluid analysis & cytology

Suitable collection

Fresh smears made at the time of collection are useful
EDTA is optimal for cytology
Collect non-anticoagulated if sample is to be cultured; samples in EDTA are not suitable for culture

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL if cell count is to be done
Smears for cytology only

‍

Turnaround time

24 - 48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

If sufficient fluid, place some in an EDTA tube and the rest in either a PC tube (without activator) or a sterile urine container.

‍

States

Bone Marrow Cytology (includes CBC)

Suitable collection

EDTA-anticoagulated bone marrow
OR
Smears from bone marrow
PLUS
EDTA-anticoagulated blood

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL bone marrow (non-clotted)
1.0 mL EDTA peripheral blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 - 48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

It is important to have a concurrent peripheral blood to interpret the bone marrow cytology. The cost of a CBC is included in the fee for bone marrow cytology.
Clotting is frequently a problem with bone marrow samples and the syringe used for aspiration must contain sufficient EDTA to prevent this.

‍

States

Borrelia burgdorferi IFA

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
FL
Urine

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

Turnaround time

Test performed Tuesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi

‍

States

Bromide*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Collect blood any time during dosing interval.
Due to the prolonged half-life of potassium bromide, between 60 and 120 days will be required before testing the therapeutic levels unless loading dose regimens have been utilised initially.
Mild lipaemia and/or haemolysis is acceptable.

States

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)

Suitable collection

Sterile pot
Can also collect some into EDTA if for cytology only

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1 mL (small animals)

‍

Turnaround time

24 - 48 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Brucella abortus (large animals)*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

‍

States

Brucella canis serum agglutination*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

2-3 mL whole blood (need 1 mL serum)

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Serum agglutination test for export

‍

States

Brucella suis serology*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

Two methods are performed:

1. Slide agglutination.

2. Rose Bengal test.

‍

States

Buffy Coat Smears

Suitable collection

EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

C-Reactive Protein - canine only

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5ml serum

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein that increases in response to a variety of non-specific insults such as inflammation , trauma, immune-mediated disease and neoplasia. Serum concentrations are low in healthy dogs but with the onset of these insults, will increase rapidly. Vetpath have recently validated this test in-house and found that for these conditions (and others), the test has a diagnostic sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 94%.

The test is for dogs only and is included in all CP2. The test can also be requested separately or added on to another panel.

‍

States

CAE (Caprine arthritis encephalitis)*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

4 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

‍

States

CBC (Complete Blood Count)

Suitable collection

EDTA
CIT if less than 1 day old (note dilution factor)
LH for some birds and reptiles

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1.0 mL, but prefer 2 mL

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

LH can be used for a CBC, but there is significant clumping of platelets and WBC (affecting the total and differential counts), and the fibrinogen cannot be done.

‍

States

CEM (Contagious Equine Metritis, Taylorella)*

Suitable collection

Aimes medium with charcoal swabs (see comments)

‍

Unsuitable collection

Normal transport media swabs

‍

Minimum sample size

Mares: 1 swab
Stallions: 3 swabs

‍

Turnaround time

14 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Need to use Aimes with charcoal swabs.

‍

States

CK (Creatinine Kinase)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

To assess muscle damage usually measure CK and AST.

‍

States

CP2

Suitable collection

EDTA
FL
PC

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml in each tube

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

CP2 includes CBC, CK, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, DGGR lipase, amylase, glucose, cholesterol, Na, K, Cl, total protein, albumin, globulins, CRP, calcium, phosphorus, urine SG and ketones (if indicated).

‍

States

CP4 - Geriatric profile

Suitable collection

EDTA
FL
PC

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml in each tube

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

CP4 includes CBC, ALT, ALP, GGT, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulins, Na, K, Cl, urine SG.

‍

States

CP6

Suitable collection

PC
FL (Glucose only)

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA (Can be used for some tests)

‍

Minimum sample size

1ml

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

CP6 is the biochemistry panel of a CP2. This includes CK, AST, ALT, GGT. bilirubin, urea, creatinine, DGGR lipase, amylase, glucose, cholesterol, Na, K, Cl, total protein, albumin, globulin, CRP, calcium, phosphorus, urine SG and BOHB if indicated.

States

CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid) analysis and cytology

Suitable collection

Sample in EDTA or special plain CSF tube (1-2 ml maximum needed from dogs & cats)
Contact the laboratory for special plain CSF tubes (without clot activator)
EDTA is suitable for cytology, but is not suitable for culture.
Do NOT use tubes with gel activator in them (usual red top plain clotted blood tubes).

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

>100 uL
(preferably >0.5 mL)

‍

Turnaround time

12 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Should reach the laboratory within 2-4 hours, but if not possible keep cool in transit.
Place some CSF in an EDTA tube for better cell preservation.
Can add 10% autologous clear serum for longer transport but does not guarantee good cell preservation.

‍

States

Calcitriol (1,25 hydroxy Vitamin D)*

Suitable collection

Serum

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Sample must be spun, separated and frozen within 4 hours of collection

‍

States

Calcium

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL
CIT

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

May be affected by haemolysis and/or lipaemia

States

Calcium - Ionised

Suitable collection

PC (See the comments below regarding the age of suitable samples)

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA
CIT

‍

Minimum sample size

Minimum 1ml whole blood ensuring that the tube is filled to the nominated capacity.

Turnaround time

24 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Sample must be as fresh as possible; preferably less than 2 hours but up to 4 hours is OK.
The result is affected by pH and storage.
Treat as a sample collected for blood gas analysis.
Once collected DO NOT REMOVE LID.
If you are requesting other tests which use clotted blood in addition to ionised calcium please include a separate sample for those tests.

‍

States

Calicivirus (feline) Antibody Titre by IFA

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Wednesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

This test is a screening test to determine the level of specific antiviral IgG in the serum. The titre is used as a measure of the humoral immunity. It has been shown that a titre of 1:5 on IFA is considered the appropriate levels to provide protective immunity. Note that it is possible that lower titres are protective and the influence of the cell mediated response cannot be reliably assessed in this manner.

Cats with a titre of <1:5 may not be adequately protected and should be revaccinated.
Cats with a titre of 1:5 but <1:20 should consider revaccination.
Cats with a titre of 1:20 or greater are considered protected and may not need revaccination. These animals should have their titre rechecked in approximately one year.

‍

States

Calicivirus (feline) Antibody Titre by VN*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

3 ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Virus neutralisation test (VNT)

‍

States

Calicivirus (feline) by PCR*

Suitable collection

Swab of tears or exudate (see Comments)

‍

Unsuitable collection

Sample in transport medium.
Frozen sample

‍

Minimum sample size

Single swab

‍

Turnaround time

5-10 days depending on day sample received.
Contact the laboratory to confirm.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Use a dry sterile cotton swab to collect the sample.
Do not use a wooden swab.
Moisten the swab with tears or exudate and vigorously swab both conjunctival sacs or the appropriate lesion.
Place the swab in a sterile container and refrigerate.
Do not freeze.
Do not place in transport medium.

‍

States

Canine Adenovirus Antibody Titre (Infectious Canine Hepatitis)*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

3 ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Up to 4 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Samples are sent on Tuesdays and results are returned within two weeks.
Can be done as an individual test, or as a combination (distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus).

‍

States

Canine Distemper Virus Antibody Titre by IFA

Suitable collection

PC
EDTA
LH

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Wednesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) are serious viral pathogens in dogs that have been very well controlled with the use of vaccinations. Annual revaccination of dogs has been an industry norm that is being challenged due to increasing proof that protective immunity lasts for longer than one year (and often longer than 4 years) and the knowledge that vaccinations may in some cases have detrimental side effects ranging from anaphylaxis to immune-mediated disease.

Rather than merely stopping annual vaccination, dogs may have their immune status assessed to determine whether vaccination is indicated or not. This is particularly pertinent in at risk animals. Serological titre tests have been designed to measure the IgG levels and studies have shown that protection from infection can be determined with these tests. Further studies have shown that the IFA method is comparable to the gold standard haemagglutination test for CPV and the virus neutralisation test for CDV.INTERPRETATION:

Titres of less than 1:5 are considered seronegative and (re) vaccination is recommended.
Titres of >1:5 are considered seropositive.
Titres of >1:5 but <1:20 indicate that revaccination should be considered, especially if disease exposure risk is increased.
Dogs with titres of >1:20 probably do not require revaccination.

‍

States

Canine Distemper Virus Antibody Titre by VN*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

3 ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Up to 4 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Distemper serology can also be done by IFA at Vetpath

‍

States

Canine Parvovirus Antibody Titre by HAI (Biobest)*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

3ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Up to 4 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Performed by haemagglutination inhibition

‍

States

Canine Parvovirus Antibody Titre by IFA

Suitable collection

PC
EDTA
LH

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Wednesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Biobest now perform CPV titre testing by IFA (no longer HAI).

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) are serious viral pathogens in dogs that have been very well controlled with the use of vaccinations. Annual revaccination of dogs has been an industry norm that is being challenged due to increasing proof that protective immunity lasts for longer than one year (and often longer than 4 years) and the knowledge that vaccinations may in some cases have detrimental side effects ranging from anaphylaxis to immune-mediated disease.

NTERPRETATION:

Titres of less than 1:5 are considered seronegative and (re) vaccination is recommended.
Titres of >1:5 are considered seropositive.
Titres of >1:5 but <1:20 indicate that revaccination should be considered, especially if disease exposure risk is increased.
Dogs with titres of >1:20 probably do not require revaccination.

‍

States

Canine Parvovirus Antigen (Faeces)

Suitable collection

Faeces
Faecal swab

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

Faecal swab

‍

Turnaround time

12 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

False negative results may occur as the period of viral shedding in the faeces is relatively brief and virus is seldom detected 10 to 12 days after infection (this corresponds to 5 to 7 days of clinical illness).
False negatives may also occur very early in infection; retest in 36 to 48 hours if this is suspected.
Modified live vaccination results in transient faecal shedding and may give a weak positive result 5-15 days after vaccination.

‍

States

Canine Respiratory panel by PCR*

Suitable collection

Nasal or deep pharyngeal swab (see comment)
BAL or TTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

Swab or 1ml fluid

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

PCR is a highly sensitive and specific method of testing for infectious canine Upper Respiratory Tract Disease (URTD). Sampling should ideally be performed early in the disease course. Increased chronicity, previous treatment and prior vaccination can reduce the expression of organisms on epithelial cells. The best samples for Canine Respiratory PCR contain large numbers of epithelial cells with minimal other material. Swabs with large amounts of ocular or nasal discharge may not be diagnostic. Sampling sites should be selected based on the clinical presentation, and may include nasal swabs, deep pharyngeal swabs, ocular swabs and swabs or fluid from a trans-tracheal wash (TTW) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The swabs (plastic shaft only) should be placed in a single sterile container. The swab stems can be shortened using sterile scissors to fit the swabs into the tube. Do not place swabs in bacterial culture transport media. Label the container and keep the samples cool prior to sending to the laboratory for testing. If culture is also required, please submit a separate swab in transport media. If cytology is also required for TTW or BAL samples, please submit separate EDTA fluid and slides

Panel includes:

Bordetella bronchiseptica
Canine Adenovirus type 2
Canine Herpesvirus type 1
Canine Parainfluenza virus
Mycoplasma cynos
Mycoplasma canis

‍

States

Canine Seizure Panel

Suitable collection

EDTA (hematology component of CP2). LH is less suitable but can be used.
PLUS
PC (biochemisty & serology)
PLUS
FL (glucose)
PLUS
Urine for the SG component of the CP2

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL of whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

CP2: 24 hours
Cryptococcus Titre: 3 days
Neospora & Toxoplasma serology: Run Monday and Thursday. Results are available by noon the next day. Samples must be at the laboratory the night before testing.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

This panel includes:

CP2
Neospora IgG IFA
Toxoplasma IgG & IgM IFA
Cryptococcus latex agglutination titre

‍

States

Canine Wellness Profile

Suitable collection

EDTA
PC
FL

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml EDTA
1ml PC

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Profile includes CBC, total protein, albumin, globulins, glucose, Na, K, Cl, Na/K ratio, calcium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, CK, cholesterol, bilirubin, amylase, total T4.
Not included: lipase, GGT and CRP.

‍

States

Canine neurological PCR panel*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5ml

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

Panel includes:

Toxoplama gondii
Cryptococcus sp.
Angiostrongylus sp
Neospora caninum
Canine Distemper virus

‍

States

Cannabis (THC, Tetrahydrocannabinol, Marijuana)

Suitable collection

Urine

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

2 ml

Turnaround time

48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Cardiac troponin I

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
SC

‍

Minimum sample size

2 ml whole blood submitted within 24 hours (See comment)

‍

Turnaround time

2 days (canine and feline)
7 - 10 days (equine)

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Samples must be submitted within 24 hours and kept cold
If sending overnight, spin, separate and freeze the sample. Submit frozen.

‍

States

Chlamydia - IFA (Feline & Avian)

Suitable collection

2 air-dried smears of exudate (area the size of a 5 cent coin on each slide)
Feline samples: conjunctival or exudate
Avian samples: cloacal swab/smear, fresh liver
Do NOT refrigerate

‍

Unsuitable collection

Samples in transport media.

‍

Minimum sample size

1 smear

Turnaround time

3 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Do not refrigerate smears.

States

Chlamydia - Koala by PCR*

Suitable collection

Conjunctival swab and/or urogenital swab.

Unsuitable collection

Blood
Swabs in transport medium

‍

Minimum sample size

One swab
If more than one swab is submitted per animal, each swab is charged for separately

‍

Turnaround time

10 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Use a dry sterile cotton swab to collect the sample.
Moisten the swab with tears or exudate and vigorously swab both conjunctival sacs and/or urogenital tract.
Place the swab in a sterile container and refrigerate.
Use a separate container for each animal if collecting from more than one animal.
Do not freeze.
Do not place in transport medium.

States

Chlamydia psittaci PCR*

Suitable collection

Dry swab from cloaca, respiratory tract or conjunctiva

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood
Swab in media

‍

Minimum sample size

Dry swab

‍

Turnaround time

2 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

‍

States

Chloride

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Cholesterol

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Coagulation Screen

Suitable collection

CIT and EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

Filled CIT tube PLUS
2 mL EDTA

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes CBC, PT, PTT, fibrinogen, platelets and smear evaluation.
Beware of insufficiently filled OR overfilled CIT tubes; tubes must be filled to the line marked on the tube.
Beware of clots in the sample.

‍

States

Coomb's Test - CANINE ONLY

Suitable collection

EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

PC
CIT
Lithium heparin
Samples from species other than dogs

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Only canine Coombs test is currently available

‍

States

Copper - Serum or plasma*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

1ml serum or plasma (2ml whole blood)

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Copper - Tissue*

Suitable collection

Liver - fresh or formalin fixed

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

25 mg

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Coronavirus - Direct IFA on Effusion Fluid for FIP

Suitable collection

Abdominal or thoracic fluid, as fresh as possible.
EDTA (if not collected in EDTA, transfer to EDTA as soon as possible)
Immunohistochemistry can be done on formalin-fixed tissues
Keep sample chilled, not frozen

‍

Unsuitable collection

Serum or plasma

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL fluid is the absolute minimum
10 mL of fluid is preferable (extra fluid can be submitted in a plain tube without clot activator)

‍

Turnaround time

14 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

The anti-FCoV direct IFA test detects direct immunofluorescent staining of FIP-related antigens in macrophages in the effusion with anti-FCoV antibodies. This is a very specific diagnostic test as only FIP-infected cats will have virus-infected macrophages. This test has a specificity of 1.00 (100% positive predictive value) but a relatively low sensitivity of 0.75 (75%). No single test is able to confirm a diagnosis of FIP apart from histopathology or positive direct IFA test on effusion fluid. Clinical diagnosis of FIP should be based on a wide variety of tests including history, age, number of cats in household, persistent pyrexia and laboratory data including assessment of acute phase proteins, analysis of effusions, haematology and biochemical tests, as well as specific serological tests to list a few.

States

Coronavirus Antibody Titre by IFA (Feline)

Suitable collection

PC
EDTA
LH
Feline only

‍

Unsuitable collection

CIT
Species other than cats

‍

Minimum sample size

1.0 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Mondays and Thursdays.
Results available by COB.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

This is the gold-standard test for measurement of antibodies to feline coronavirus (FCoV).

Titres of 1:10 or less are considered seronegative
Titres 1:40 or greater considered seropositive
Titres <1:10 indicate a low likelihood of coronavirus shedding. If the cat is infected they are likely to stop shedding when isolated.
Cats with high titres (1:640 or higher) are almost always shedding virus but can stop shedding upon isolation. This can be demonstrated by a drop in their titre to low or undetectable levels.
Cats with clinical FIP usually have a high titre (1:640 or higher), although a few cases may show low titres in the terminal stages (particularly in the effusive forms).
The higher the titre the greater the specificity and sensitivity of this test for a diagnosis of FIP. The positive predictive index at 1:1600 is 0.94 and the negative predictive index 0.88 (J Vet Int Med 2003:17 781-790)
No single test is suitable to confirm a diagnosis of FIP apart from histopathology. Clinical diagnosis of FIP should be based on a wide variety of tests including history, age, number of cats in household, persistent pyrexia and laboratory data including assessment of acute phase proteins, analysis of effusions, haematology and biochemical tests as well as specific serological tests to list a few.

‍

States

Coronavirus PCR in fluids

Suitable collection

Fluid in EDTA
Lymph node aspirate in saline
CSF in EDTA

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

0.5ml fluid
0.2ml – 0.5ml lymph node aspirate in saline
0.2ml CSF

Turnaround time

5 - 7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

PCR detection of Feline Coronavirus in effusion fluids has a reported sensitivity of 72-100%. Several studies have reported a 100% specificity, but some studies have detected Feline Coronavirus in effusion fluids from cats with non FIP disease. This has been reported variably in 3-12% of control cats in these studies, usually with a low level of virus present.
The presence of Feline Coronavirus RNA, particularly in high levels, in an effusion that also has cytological and biochemical features suggestive of FIP, is highly supportive of a diagnosis of FIP.
PCR for feline Coronavirus in mesenteric lymph nodes should only be performed when there is a strong index of suspicion for FIP based on clinical presentation and laboratory diagnostic tests. This should not be used as a screening assay in healthy cats.
To collect material from lymph nodes, aspirate the mesenteric lymph node(s) using suction under ultrasound guidance and add to the EDTA tube. Redraw the fluid from the EDTA tube though the needle and gently return into the EDTA tube. Repeat this process if necessary – the sample in the EDTA tube
A controlled study of Feline Coronavirus RNA detection in FNAs collected from the mesenteric lymph nodes from 20 cats with FIP without effusions reported a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 96%.
Two studies have evaluated feline Coronavirus PCR on CSF samples and reported 100% specificity and a sensitivity of 30- 41.2%, however, not all cats included in these studies had neurological signs. When only cats with neurological and ophthalmological signs were considered the sensitivity of PCR was 86%. The same group found similar findings in a larger number of cats, where the sensitivity of PCR was only 30% when both neurological and non-neurological FIP cases were included but rose to 83.3% when only cats with neurological signs were included.

States

Cortisol (for ACTH stimulation test and LDDST)

Suitable collection

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Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA
FL

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Minimum sample size

0.5 mL whole blood

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Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Coxiella burnetii (Canine) - Q Fever

Suitable collection

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Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

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Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

Turnaround time

Test performed Tuesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

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General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

IFA test
Canine only

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States

Creatinine

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Cross Match

Suitable collection

EDTA & PC from both the donor and recipient
EDTA with plasma can also be used

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood in PC tube from each of donor and recipient
PLUS
2 mL whole blood in an EDTA tube from each of donor and recipient

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Take care to avoid or minimise any haemolysis during sample collection, as this can invalidate results.
Recipient: Collect 2 mL of blood into an EDTA tube and 2 mL of blood into a plain serum tube.
For each donor/s: Collect 2 mL of blood into an EDTA tube and 2 mL of blood into a plain serum tube.
Refrigerate samples until transport to the laboratory.
Enter ‘Cross Match’ (code VXM) in the other tests section of the request form.

Comments

Avoid haemolysis as 2+ haemolysis gives invalid results.
Beware of agglutinated samples
Major cross match = donor RBCs + recipient serum
Minor cross match = recipient RBCs + donor serum
Ensure EDTA tubes are filled to the correct level (line on tube).
Agglutination or haemolysis may interfere with results.

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States

QLD

Cryptococcus Antigen Titre

Suitable collection

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Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood
100uL CSF

‍

Turnaround time

3 working days
Test performed Monday - Friday

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General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Test measures up to a titre of 1:65536. If higher titrations are required, a second fee will be added to obtain the end point titre.
Positive predictive value in serum is >85%
Positive predictive value in CSF is >98%.
Samples MUST NOT be haemolysed for accurate results. The laboratory will not be able to provide results for samples that are haemolysed.

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States

Cryptosporidium - Smear Examination

Suitable collection

Fresh faeces

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

Sufficient for smear

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Culture & Sensitivity - Aerobic

Suitable collection

Swab, fluid and/or fresh tissue
PLUS
Air-dried smear for Gram stain

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Unsuitable collection

Dry swabs
Culture plates will not be accepted and will be disposed of if submitted.

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Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

Preliminary Gram stain: 12 hours (if needed).
Culture: 12-24 hours for most organisms (some take longer)
Sensitivity: 48 hours for most organisms (some take longer)

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General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Samples should be stored in a cool, dry place; samples do not need to be refrigerated.
Samples stored at room temperature can be cultured for up to 3 days after collection.
Further sensitivities must be requested within 24 hours of the sensitivity report being sent out in order to obtain valid results.
Some in vitro resistance patterns can be predicted based on the organism cultured - this influences the drugs used in susceptibility testing and treatment.
Organisms that are intrinsically resistant to an antibiotic will be marked with an "X".
For information on intrinsic antibiotic resistance of specific bacateria, see the information sheet.

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States

Culture & Sensitivity - Anaerobic & Aerobic

Suitable collection

Swab, fluid and/or fresh tissue
PLUS
Air-dried smear for Gram stain
NOTE: Anaerobic culture is appropriate for aspirated fluid or tissues, faeces, surgically-collected samples.

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Unsuitable collection

Dry swabs
Swabs and surface samples are less suitable for anaerobic culture.
Culture plates will not be accepted and will be disposed of if submitted

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Minimum sample size

2 mL of aspirated fluid
At least 1 cm² of tissue

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Turnaround time

Preliminary Gram stain: 12 hours (if needed)
Culture: 12-24 hours for most organisms (some take longer)
Sensitivity: 48 hours for most organisms (some take longer)

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Samples should be stored in a cool, dry place.
Samples for anaerobic culture should not be refrigerated.
Samples stored at room temperature can be cultured for up to 3 days after collection.
Any extra sensitivies must be requested within 24 hours of the results being sent out in order to get meaningful results.
Some in vitro resistance patterns can be predicted based on the organism cultured - this influences the drugs used in susceptibility testing and treatment.
Organisms that are intrinsically resistant to an antibiotic will be marked with an "X".
For information on intrinsic antibiotic resistance of specific bacteria, see the information sheet.

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States

Culture & sensitivity - Non-Healing Wound

Suitable collection

Fluid and/or fresh tissue if preferred, but a swab can be submitted.
PLUS
Air-dried smear for Gram stain

‍

Unsuitable collection

Dry swabs

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Minimum sample size

For successful anaerobic culture, it is best to have 2 mL of aspirated fluid
or
At least 1 cm² of tissue.

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Turnaround time

Total turnaround is up to 4 weeks for acid-fast organisms.
Preliminary Gram stain: 4 hours (if needed).
Culture: 12-24 hours for most organisms (some take longer)
Sensitivity: 48 hours for most organisms (some take longer)

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General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes aerobic and anaerobic culture, plus Z-N stain and reincubation for acid-fast organisms.
Samples should be stored in a cool, dry place and should not be refrigerated.
Do not freeze tissue for culture.
Samples stored at room temperature can be cultured for up to 3 days after collection.
Some in vitro resistance patterns can be predicted based on the organism cultured - this influences the drugs used in susceptibility testing and treatment.
Organisms that are intrinsically resistant to an antibiotic will be marked with an "X".
For information on intrinsic antibiotic resistance of specific bacteria, see the information sheet

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States

Cyclosporin

Suitable collection

EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2 ml whole EDTA

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Blood cyclosporine levels are usually checked a day or two into therapy and then every two to four weeks.
Submit ASAP after collection and keep chilled.
EDTA whole blood stable for 7 days when stored at 2-8C.

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States

Cytology - Fine needle aspirate (FNA)

Suitable collection

Air-dried smears from fine needle aspirate (FNA) - up to 6 from a single site.
Impression smears from tissue biopsy.
Routine external cytology and internal organ cytology are charged differently.

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Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Single smear

‍

Turnaround time

24 - 48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

FNA samples are charged as routine external or internal organ.
Submission of at least two smears or smears from more than one FNA of a lesion increases the chances of a diagnostic sample without increasing the cost.
Aspirates from multiple lymph nodes are charged as a single sample.
Extra aspirates from separate lesions in the same animal are charged at a reduced rate.
Repeat aspirates from a lesion submitted within 1 week of the original submission are charged at a reduced rate.

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States