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IgG (Foal) IDEXX SNAP

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

1ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

12 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Equine only

‍

States

Immunocytochemistry*

Suitable collection

Cytology smears

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

Two smears

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

Immunocytochemistry is used to determine whether lymphoma is B cell or T cell. Smears already submitted for routine cytology can be used.

States

Immunohistochemistry

Suitable collection

Tissue in formalin

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Insulin - canine and feline

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA (negative interference)
FL
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

0.75 ml whole blood (minimum 250uL serum)

‍

Turnaround time

48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Glucose measurement is included (submit a fluoride sample).
Serum must be kept chilled. If testing cannot be performed within 24 hours, the separated serum needs to be frozen.

‍

States

Insulin - equine

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Glucose measurement is included.
Serum must be kept chilled. If testing cannot be performed within 24 hours, the separated serum needs to be frozen.

‍

States

Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1)

Suitable collection

PC (frozen within 6 hours)

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood (1 ml serum minimum)

‍

Turnaround time

5 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Sample should submitted to Vetnostics Pathology WA within 6 hours of collection. If this is not possible, the sample should be centrifuged and the separated frozen serum submitted.
Test is used for diagnosis of pituitary dwarfism and acromegaly.

States

Iron - serum

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Johne's Disease*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

4 mL whole blood (into tube treated for clot retraction)

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Complement fixation
OR
ELISA

‍

States

Joint fluid cytology and analysis

Suitable collection

Direct smear; this is the most important sample to get for cytology
PC/sterile pot if sample is to be cultured (EDTA is not suitable for culture)
EDTA is better for cytology alone (see comment)

‍

Unsuitable collection

0.5 mL if cell count is to be done

‍

Minimum sample size

24 - 48 hours

‍

Turnaround time

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

If sufficient fluid, place some in an EDTA tube and the rest in either a PC tube (without activator) or a sterile urine container.

States

KOH (fungal microscopy)

Suitable collection

Hairs
Skin scrape

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Very small samples are less likely to yield a positive result.

‍

Turnaround time

24 Hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

The sensitivity of KOH microscopy is not as high as culture and a negative result does not rule out dermatophyte infection.

‍

States

Ketones

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA
FL

‍

Unsuitable collection

Lipaemic sample

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Lead - blood*

Suitable collection

Requires dedicated sample
EDTA
LH (no gel tubes)
Lith Hep - 200ul whole blood (for avian and reptilian)

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1.0 mL whole blood (dedicated sample)
200ul whole blood (for avian and reptilian) (dedicated sample)

‍

Turnaround time

5 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

‍

States

Leishmania by IFAT

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA blood

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Run on Tuesday
Cutoff time 7pm previous working weekday
Results available by 2pm the next day

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

If the sample is going to be in transit for more than a day, it is recommended that the serum is separated off if possible and the serum rather than whole is sent (this minimises haemolysis)
See VETPATH wesite for current information http://vetpath.com.au

‍

States

Leishmania by PCR

Suitable collection

EDTA whole blood

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood (EDTA)

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

This test is not covered under Vetnostics Pathology WA's NATA accreditation.

‍

States

Leptospira Antibody Titre(s) by MAT*

Suitable collection

PC (clear serum, no particles or fibrin tags)

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
It is essential to request WHICH SEROVAR you want the laboratory to test for.
If the test is being done on a dog for export, verify what level the test is to be titred to (the requirement will differ from country to country)
The test for Leptospira canicola (for canine export) is a MAT
Vaccination against Leptospira will result in seropositivity.
A four-fold rise in paired samples in a non-vaccinated dog (usually >10-14 days apart) may be indicative of leptospiral infection.
A single titre of 1/400 or greater can only be presumptive, indicating possible recent contact with Leptospires.
This is a referred test for export purposes and is only available to clients within Australia.
Vetpath is DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, formerly AQIS) QAP (Quarantine Approved Premise) approved to import specific samples for certain testing. We are unable to refer imported international samples to other laboratories for export testing that we do not performed at our premise. Please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/biosecurity/import/general-info/qap if you require more information.

‍

States

Leptospira PCR*

Suitable collection

Urine
EDTA blood

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml EDTA blood or urine

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Detects Leptospira interrogans by PCR

‍

States

Levetiracetam*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Lipase - DGGR

Suitable collection

PC (serum) is the preferred sample
LH

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
CIT
Fluoride oxalate (glucose tube)

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

The lipase assay routinely run at Vetpath is DGGR lipase. This test uses a novel substrate which is more specific for pancreatic lipase than previous lipase assays. The DGGR lipase activity has been found to have excellent agreement with the Spec cPL. This agreement correlates with a higher sensitivity and specificity of DGGR lipase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs.

Reference: JVIM 2014:28:863-870.

The FP2 panel now includes DGGR lipase. Recent studies have shown that this assay is also a useful and cost-efficient method for the investigation of pancreatic disease in cats. Based on the literature and in house studies, the reference interval for this assay is <26 U/L, with an equivocal range of 26-35 U/L. Patients with results within the equivocal range, and no evidence of azotaemia may benefit from abdominal ultrasound if they have clinical symptoms compatible with pancreatitis.
Reference: J Vet Internal Med 2013; 27:1077-1082

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States

Liver Fluke (detection of eggs in faeces)

Suitable collection

Faeces

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

10 grams

‍

Turnaround time

Up to 4 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Liver Fluke Identification

Suitable collection

Faeces OR parasite

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Liver monitoring panel (canine)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, albumin, bilirubin and cholesterol

‍

States

Liver monitoring panel (equine)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes ALP, GGT, GLDH, albumin, bilirubin and total bile acids

‍

States

Liver monitoring panel (feline)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes AST, ALT, ALP, albumin, bilirubin and cholesterol

‍

States

Low Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

1.0 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Cortisol concentration is now measured on the Atellica (previous measurement was on the Immulite 2000). The interpretative comments have also been updated. Note that direct comparison between cortisol concentrations from different assays is not possible.

Standard low dose dexamethasone suppression test protocol

Collect a basal blood (serum) sample.
Inject 0.01 mg/kg i/v of Dexamethasone.
Collect two further blood (serum) samples 4 hours and 8 hours later.
Label sample times clearly on the tubes
Tick Cortisol x 3 (E03) on the submission form.

States

Lungworm (detection of larvae/eggs in faeces) - Feline & Equine

Suitable collection

Faeces

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

20 gm faeces

‍

Turnaround time

48 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Lyme Disease

Suitable collection

Serum

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
FL
Urine

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test is run Tuesdays and Fridays.
Cutt off is 9am.
Results are available by 6pm.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

This test is for dogs only.
Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
Test is run on Tuesdays and Thursdays with a cut off of 9am.

‍

States

MMA (methylmalonic acid)*

Suitable collection

LH for MMA in plasma
Milk
Tissue

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

Minimum of 2 mL of whole blood for plasma MMA
5-10 mL of milk
100 gm of fresh tissue, preferably liver

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Vitamin B12 is used to measure cobalt status as a deficiency of cobalt results in a deficiency of vitamin B12. In ruminants vitamin B12 is measured as MMA (methylmalonic acid); measurement of plasma MMA is the preferred assay for vitamin B12 status in cattle (vitamin B12 is necessary for the normal metabolism of MMA). Vitamin B12 deficiency results in elevated MMA levels.

States

Magnesium

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
FL
CIT

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Malassezia Detection

Suitable collection

Sticky tape preparation (very good for Malassezia)
Air dried smears
Swab

‍

Unsuitable collection

KOH (mineral oil scraping)

‍

Minimum sample size

Single smear

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours (Mon-Sat)

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Mare Swab (not for CEM/Taylorella)

Suitable collection

Swab in Stuart's medium; this is ideal.
Swab that has not been placed in medium; this is less suitable as drying occurs.

‍

Unsuitable collection

Culture plates are not accepted and will be disposed of if submitted.

‍

Minimum sample size

Swab

‍

Turnaround time

12-48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Do not refrigerate

‍

States

Marijuana

Suitable collection

Urine

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

5 mL

‍

Turnaround time

48 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Can be detected in urine for up to 10 days post-ingestion
Can also be done as part of the recreational drug screen

‍

States

Masticatory myositis - 2M antibody*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood (absolute minimum of 500uL serum)

‍

Turnaround time

3 - 4 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Diagnostic test for masticatory muscle myositis in dogs.
False negative results may occur if the dog has been on immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids for 7-10 days.
False negative results may occur in end-stage disease where there is marked fibrosis.

‍

States

Metaldehyde*

Suitable collection

Fresh vomit
Fresh stomach contents
Liver (less suitable)

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood, urine, faeces.

‍

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

6 - 8 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Metanephrines (Urine)*

Suitable collection

Urine (submit within 24 hours and immediately wrap in foil

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

4ml urine

‍

Turnaround time

5 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Normetanephrine:creatinine ratio is used to screen dogs for a pheochromocytoma.
At least 4 ml of urine is required and needs to be submitted to the laboratory within 24 hours.
Keep the sample protected from light (wrapped in foil).
The sample will be acidified and sent to a referral laboratory for testing.

‍

States

Milk Culture & Sensitivity (not Mycoplasma)

Suitable collection

Fresh milk

‍

Unsuitable collection

Swab

‍

Minimum sample size

1 - 2 mL

‍

Turnaround time

12-48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Additional samples receive a discounted fee.

‍

States

Milk Streptococcus Typing

Suitable collection

Fresh milk OR frozen milk

‍

Unsuitable collection

Swab

‍

Minimum sample size

1 - 2 mL

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Morbillivirus/Hendra (Equine)*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

Minimum of 4 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Multidrug Resistance Gene MDR1*

Suitable collection

EDTA whole blood

Unsuitable collection

Serum
Urine
Swab (dry or culture media)

‍

Minimum sample size

1ml EDTA whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

15 working days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Multidrug Resistance MDR1 gene expresses a protein involved in the transport of biological substances through the blood-brain barrier of dogs. Recently, a mutation (nt230[del4]) in the MDR1 gene has been shown to be predisposed in some breeds that can result in adverse reactions to some commonly administered drugs such as ivermectin and ioperamide. In affected dogs, exposure of these drugs at the normal administered dose can result in serious neurological side effects such as hypersalivation, ataxia, blindness, tremor, respiratory distress and even death.

Affected breeds:

Collie (approx. 50-75% are affected by the MDR1 gene mutation), Australian Shepherd, Shetland Sheepdog, Old English Sheepdog, Border collie, English Shepherd, German Shepherd, White Shepherd, Waller, Silken Windhound, McNab and a variety of mixed breed dogs

Implicated drugs:

Anti-Parasitic Drugs - Ivermectin substances: Diapec®, Ecomectin, Equimax, Eqvalan, Ivomec, Noromectin, Paramectin, Qualimec, Sumex & Virbamec

Doramectine substances:Dectomax, Moxidectine substances: Cydectin & Equest
Loperamide substances - Immodium [anti-diarrhoeal]
Metronidazole substances - Flagyl
Chemotherapy Agents - Vinblastine, Doxorubicine, Paclitaxel, Docetaxel, Methotrexat & Vincristine Glucocorticoids (Steroids commonly used to treat auto-immune diseases): Dexamethason
Immuno-suppressives: Cyclosporine A
Heart glycosides: Digoxine & Methyldigoxine
Antiarrhythmics: Verapamil, Diltiazem & Chinidine
Analgesics - Morphine & Butorphenol
Anti-emetics: Metoclopramide, Ondansetron & Domperidon
Antibiotics - Sparfloxacin, Grepafloxacin; Erythromycin
Antihistamines - Ebastin
Tranquillisers - Acepromazine
Other drugs; Etoposide; Mitoxantrone; Ondansetron; Paclitaxel; Rifampicin.

Note: It is recommended that dosages are reduced by 25% in MDR1 carriers (normal / mutant) and by 30 -50% in MDR1 affected dogs (mutant / mutant).

Interpretation of the results:

Results will indicate whether the dog is;

Normal - Both copies of the gene are normal hence the dog will not display the disease symptoms, nor will it pass the mutant copy to its offspring (N / N).
Carrier - One copy of the gene is normal and one copy is a mutant copy. These dogs may display the disease symptoms and also may pass the mutant copy to its offspring (N / mut).
Affected - Both copies of the gene are mutant and these dogs are very likely to display the disease symptoms. Affected dogs will pass the mutant copy to its offspring (mut / mut).

‍

States

Muscle enzymes - CK and AST

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
Fluoride oxalate (glucose tube)

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 Hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

AST may be from either skeletal muscle or liver origin
To assess muscle damage, measure both CK and AST
AST is also present in RBCs and activity may be higher in haemolysed samples

‍

States

Myasthenia gravis (AChR Ab)*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

3 - 4 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis
Can be used in dogs and cats

‍

States

Mycobacterial Culture

Suitable collection

Tissue (fresh); this is the optimal sample
Swab

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Swab

‍

Turnaround time

14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Consider Mycobacterial PCR (more sensitive than culture)

‍

States

Mycobacterial PCR*

Suitable collection

Fresh tissue in a PCR bead tube (available from stores) 2ml tube <4mm diameter biopsy and 5ml tube for >4mm biopsy
Formalin fixed tissue
Paraffin-embedded tissue

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood
Swab - dry or wet
Urine

‍

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Mycoplasma PCR - Respiratory*

Suitable collection

BAL/Trach wash
Swab (less preferable)

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

This test is performed as part of the canine and feline respiratory PCR panels.

‍

States

Mycoplasma hemofelis (Feline anaemia panel)*

Suitable collection

EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Na:K Ratio

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Platelets from some species, including some breeds of dogs (eg Akitas), contain high concentrations of K and the [K] in serum samples is higher than in LH plasma samples. To minimise this problem when monitoring dogs with hypoadrencorticism, the use of LH samples is recommended.

States

Neospora IgG Antibody Titre by IFA (canine)

Suitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA
Canine only

‍

Unsuitable collection

CIT
Sample from species other than dogs

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL whole blood (100uL of serum minimum)

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Mondays and Thursdays.
Results available by COB.

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

The test is species-specific (canine only)
This test considers a titre of 1:16 to be seropositive.
Seropositivity indicates exposure to antigens and does not imply clinical disease. Note that parasitologically confirmed cases of neosporosis were shown to have titres of 1:200 or above and clinical cases may have titres in excess of 1:1200.
Reference: Vet Parasitol (1996) 67:1-59.
Although cats have been infected experimentally with N caninum, natural clinical infections in domestic cats have not been documented. (Greene 2007)

‍

States

Neurological PCR panel - canine*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5ml

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Panel includes:

Toxoplama gondii
Cryptococcus sp.
Angiostrongylus sp
Neospora caninum
Canine Distemper virus

‍

States

Neurological PCR panel - feline*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5ml

‍

Turnaround time

7 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Panel includes:

Toxoplasma gondii
Bartonella spp.
Borrelia spp.
Cryptococcus sp.
Coronavirus

‍

States

Nipah Virus SNT*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

SNT = serum neutralisation test

‍

States

Non-Healing Wound Culture & Sensitivity

Suitable collection

Fluid and/or fresh tissue is preferred, but a swab can be submitted.
PLUS
Air-dried smear for Gram stain

‍

Unsuitable collection

Dry swabs

‍

Minimum sample size

For successful anaerobic culture, it is best to have 2 mL of aspirated fluid or at least 1 cm² of tissue.

‍

Turnaround time

Total turnaround is up to 4 weeks for acid-fast organisms.
Preliminary Gram stain: 12 hours
Culture: 12-24 hours for most organisms
Sensitivity: 48 hours for most organisms

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Samples should be stored in a cool, dry place and should not be refrigerated
Do not freeze tissue for culture
Samples stored at room temperature can be cultured for up to 3 days after collection and samples stored at 4^oC can be cultured for up to 2 days after collection (anaerobes do not tolerate cold)
For information on intrinsic antibiotic resistance of specific bacteria, see the information sheet

‍

States

Oestrone Sulphate ELISA (quantitative)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

Haemolysed samples
Lipaemic samples

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Tuesdays.
Results available by COB.

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Samples should be separated and the serum/plasma stored in the freezer once it reaches Vetpath.
Oestrone (estrone) sulphate is a steroid hormone detectable in the circulation in many species. It can be produced in the gonads, the adrenals and is produced by the foetal-placental unit during pregnancy.
Pregnancy >80 days: Oestrone sulphate levels rise during pregnancy and are a good indicator of a viable pregnancy. In mares oestrone sulphate is detectable in the maternal circulation from early as 60 days post-mating until foaling. In the event of foetal death oestrone sulphate disappears rapidly from circulation.
Cryptorchidism in horses 3 yo or older.
Goat pregnancy >50 days post-service

‍

States

Oestrus Cytology

Suitable collection

Air-dried smear(s)
OR
Swab

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Single smear

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours Mon-Sat

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

May be used in conjunction with serum progesterone.

‍

States

Ollulanus tricuspis (stomach worm of cats)

Suitable collection

Vomitus

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood
faeces

‍

Minimum sample size

4 gm

‍

Turnaround time

48 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Organophosphates/organochlorines*

Suitable collection

Stomach contents - frozen
Bait

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

50 mL stomach contents

‍

Turnaround time

6 - 8 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test

‍

States

PARR - Lymphoma (Cytology or blood)*

Suitable collection

Blood
Cytology smears
Fluid

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Must have 50 000 cells

‍

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

PCV (Packed Cell Volume)

Suitable collection

EDTA
LH (but cannot do fibrinogen on LH)

‍

Unsuitable collection

PC
Any other sample that has clotted

‍

Minimum sample size

0.25 mL whole unclotted blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

PMSG

Suitable collection

PC preferred
LH plasma can be used

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Run once a week (Tuesday)

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Mare pregnancy 45 - 120 days
Optimum 70 days

‍

States

PP2

Suitable collection

EDTA
PC
LH

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

0.8ml of whole blood in PC
0.5ml EDTA blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes CBC, CK, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, GLDH, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, lipase, glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes, proteins, calcium and phosphorus.

‍

States

PP6

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

0.8ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Biochemistry of PP2
Includes: CK, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, GLDH, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, lipase, glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes, proteins, calcium and phosphorus

‍

States

PT (Prothrombin time)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
PC
FL
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

Fill tube to correct level

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Beware of insufficiently filled OR overfilled CIT tubes; tubes must be filled to the line marked on the tube.
Beware of clots in the sample.
PT is the most sensitive indicator of vitamin K-rodenticide toxicity
If using the PT to monitor adequacy of duration of treatment, measure the PT 48 hours after discontinuation of vitamin K therapy

‍

States

PTH - CANINE ONLY* (Parathyroid Hormone)

Suitable collection

PC
If submission to the laboratory within 4 hours is not possible, the serum must be separated and submitted frozen.

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
SC

‍

Minimum sample size

At least 2.0 mL whole blood
If submission to the laboratory within 4 hours is not possible, the serum must be separated and submitted frozen.
Submit an extra sample for serum ionised calcium concentration which is measured at a local laboratory in Perth.
This test is now only available for dogs.

‍

Turnaround time

4 working days (dogs)

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Sample must be centrifuged and frozen within 1 - 4 hours of collection.
If submission to the laboratory within 4 hours is not possible, the serum must be separated and submitted frozen.
Ionised calcium is measured on a separate sample in Perth.
Testing for dogs is now performed at Vetnostics in Sydney.
Test is no longer available for cats.

‍

States

PTH-related Protein - NOT AVAILABLE

Suitable collection

EDTA

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

2.0 ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 working days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Contact the laboratory to discuss with a pathologist before submission of the sample.
Samples must be centrifuged within the first hour.
Sample should not be lipaemic (fasted).
Plasma must be sent frozen.

‍

States

PTT (Partial Prothrombin Time)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

Filled CIT tube for PT only
PLUS
2 mL EDTA if doing coagulation profile (including CBC)

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Beware of insufficiently filled OR overfilled CIT tubes; tubes must be filled to the line marked on the tube.
Beware of clots in the sample.

‍

States

Panleukopaenia (feline) Antibody Titre*

Suitable collection

PC
EDTA
LH

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

3 ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

3 weeks

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

HI = HAI = Haemagglutination inhibition test
If not specifically requested, the panleukopenia antibody titre will be done at VP by IFA
Panleukopenia is also called feline infectious enteritis

‍

States

Paracetamol

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood (400 uL serum minimum)

‍

Turnaround time

Done daily Mon-Fri

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Results available same day Mon-Fri if received early in the day, otherwise may be delayed until the next day
Check for weekend availability

‍

States

Parasite Identification*

Suitable collection

Parasite
Faeces

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

Single parasite

‍

Turnaround time

14 days

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Parasites - blood smear evaluation

Suitable collection

Air-dried blood smear
EDTA blood

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL if submitting blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

If looking for Mycoplasma haemofelis (Haemobartonella felis) then capillary blood (no anticoagulant) is most likely to yield positive results in infected cats.

‍

States

Parathyroid hormone - CANINE ONLY*

Suitable collection

PC (submit within 2 hours of collection)
If submission to the laboratory within 2 hours is not possible, the serum must be separated and submitted frozen.

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
Citrate

‍

Minimum sample size

At least 2.0 mL whole blood
Submit an extra serum sample for measurement of ionised calcium concentration (specific requirements)
If submission to the laboratory within 2 hours is not possible, the serum must be separated and submitted frozen.

‍

Turnaround time

4 working days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Sample must be centrifuged and frozen within 1 - 2 hours of collection.
If submission to the laboratory within 2 hours is not possible, the serum must be separated and submitted frozen.
A second sample must be submitted if ionised calcium is required.
Testing for dogs is now sent to Vetnostics and is no longer available in cats.

‍

States

Partial Thromboplastin Time

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

Filled CIT tube for PT only
PLUS
2 mL EDTA if doing coagulation profile

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Beware of insufficiently filled OR overfilled CIT tubes; tubes must be filled to just the line marked on the tube.
Beware of clots in the sample.

‍

States

Parvovirus Antibody Titre by HIA (Biobest)*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

3ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Up to 4 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Performed by haemagglutination inhibition

‍

States

Parvovirus Antibody Titre by IFA

Suitable collection

PC
EDTA
LH

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Wednesdays and Fridays.
Results available by COB.

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Biobest now perform CPV titre testing by IFA (no longer HAI).

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) and Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) are serious viral pathogens in dogs that have been very well controlled with the use of vaccinations. Annual revaccination of dogs has been an industry norm that is being challenged due to increasing proof that protective immunity lasts for longer than one year (and often longer than 4 years) and the knowledge that vaccinations may in some cases have detrimental side effects ranging from anaphylaxis to immune-mediated disease.

Rather than merely stopping annual vaccination, dogs may have their immune status assessed to determine whether vaccination is indicated or not. This is particularly pertinent in at risk animals. Serological titre tests have been designed to measure the IgG levels and studies have shown that protection from infection can be determined with these tests.INTERPRETATION:

Titres of less than 1:5 are considered seronegative and (re) vaccination is recommended.
Titres of >1:5 are considered seropositive.
Titres of >1:5 but <1:20 indicate that revaccination should be considered, especially if disease exposure risk is increased.
Dogs with titres of >1:20 probably do not require revaccination.

‍

States

Parvovirus Antigen (Faeces)

Suitable collection

Faeces
Faecal swab

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

Faecal swab

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

False negative results may occur as the period of viral shedding in the faeces is relatively brief and virus is seldom detected 10 to 12 days after infection (this corresponds to 5 to 7 days of clinical illness).
False negatives may also occur very early in infection; retest in 36 to 48 hours if this is suspected.
Modified live vaccination results in transient faecal shedding and may give a weak positive result 5-15 days after vaccination.

‍

States

Pepsinogen*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

LH
EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

10 - 14 days

‍

Turnaround time

Request test

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Phenobarbitone

Suitable collection

PC
EDTA
LH

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

0.75 ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Collect blood sample into a plain/Red top tube within one hour of the next scheduled dose or at least 8 hours after the last dose (trough concentration).

Comments

Collect sample at any time between doses.
More information on monitoring of therapeutic drugs is available on this website.
Thiopentone anaesthesia does not interfere.‍
Do not use Gel/serum separator tubes as the gel may absorb some of the drug, artificially lowering the serum concentration.
Steady-state serum and tissue phenobarbitone concentrations are achieved after 7-10 days of therapy.
Induction of liver enzymes (ALP and to a lesser extent ALT) is common in animals receiving phenobarbitone therapy.

States

QLD

Phenobarbitone monitoring panel

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml blood

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes phenobarbitone, ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and triglycerides
Phenobarbitone can be measured on EDTA, LH or serum
Collect sample at any time between doses
More information on monitoring of therapeutic drugs is available in client information sheets.

‍

States

Phosphorus (P)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Haemolysis will increase the value measured
Lipaemia will increase the value measured

‍

States

Platelet Count - Automated

Suitable collection

EDTA
CITRATE can be used, but note that there is a dilution effect of the sodium citrate on the platelet count.

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Can be done as part of a CBC or separately
Results of automated count must correlate to what is seen on the smear
If does not correlate to the smear, a manual count may be recommended
Clumping of platelets or clots will decrease the count

‍

States

Platelet Count - Manual

Suitable collection

EDTA
CITRATE can be used, but note that there is a dilution effect of the sodium citrate on the platelet count.

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Results of manual count must correlate to what is seen on the smear
If does not correlate with the smear, this will be commented on
Clots will decrease platelet numbers for counting

‍

States

Polyarthritis screen

Suitable collection

Joint fluid
Smears

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

At least two smears
For a full analysis of one joint, at least 0.5ml of joint fluid is required (store in EDTA or serum tube)

‍

Turnaround time

24 - 48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

The polyarthritis screen includes one full synovial fluid analysis and examination of up to 6 smears from other joints.
The additional joints will receive a subjection description of cellularity and haemodilution, as well as a differential count.
Note that fluid in EDTA is not suitable for culture.

‍

States

Polyoma Virus (Avian) by PCR*

Suitable collection

Feathers with some blood soaked in the quill (at least 2 feathers)
LH blood soaked into filter paper (200uL)

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
PC

‍

Minimum sample size

Feathers with some blood soaked in the quill (at least 2 feathers)

LH blood soaked into filter paper (200uL)

‍

Turnaround time

3 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Also called budgerigar fledgling virus (but occurs in all psittacine birds)
PCR test

‍

States

Potassium (K)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

LH decreases the problem of leakage of K from platelets during the clotting process and transit
Haemolysis will increase the value in some species

‍

States

Potassium bromide*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
CIT
FL
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

10 - 14 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Referred test
Collect blood any time during dosing interval.
Due to the prolonged half-life of potassium bromide, between 60 and 120 days will be required before testing the therapeutic levels unless loading dose regimens have been utilised initially.
Mild lipaemia and/or haemolysis is acceptable.

‍

States

Pre-anaesthetic screen

Suitable collection

EDTA
FL
PC

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml in each tube

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Includes PCV (haematocrit), TS protein, ALT, ALP, creatinine, albumin, glucose.

‍

States

Pregancy - Mare (>80 days)

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

Haemolysed samples
Lipaemic samples

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test is run Tuesdays
Results available same day

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Samples should be separated and the serum/plasma stored in the freezer once it reaches Vetpath.
Oestrone (estrone) sulphate is a steroid hormone detectable in the circulation in many species. It can be produced in the gonads, the adrenals and is produced by the foetal-placental unit during pregnancy.
Pregnancy >80 days: Oestrone sulphate levels rise during pregnancy and are a good indicator of a viable pregnancy. In mares oestrone sulphate is detectable in the maternal circulation from early as 60 days post-mating until foaling. In the event of foetal death oestrone sulphate disappears rapidly from circulation.
Cryptorchidism in horses 3 yo or older. See information sheet.
Goat pregnancy >50 days post-service.

‍

States

Pregnancy - Bitch and queen

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

3 working days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Relaxin is first detectable by week 4 of pregnancy, peaks at the 6-8th week then decreases.
Sample is stable at 2-8^oC for < 48 hours, then freeze.
Haemolysis could obscure a weak positive result with the RIM methodology

‍

States

Pregnancy - Camelid

Suitable collection

PC
Values in gel serum tubes may increase if stored in the tube

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

2.5 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Monday-Friday with 2:00pm cutoff (results usually available by 1 pm)
Saturday by prior arrangement only

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Oestrus staging in bitches
Early pregnancy in mares
Pregnancy in camelids (collect samples 15-20 days after removal of male)
Pregnancy in sows

‍

States

Pregnancy - Mare (45 - 120 days)

Suitable collection

PC preferred
LH plasma can be used

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Test performed Tuesdays.
Results available by COB.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Mare pregnancy 45 - 120 days
Optimum 70 days

‍

States

Premating Swab (bitch, dog, other)

Suitable collection

Swab (vaginal, preputial)

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

24 hours for culture
48 hours for sensitivity with routine organisms

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Progesterone

Suitable collection

PC
Values in gel serum tubes may increase if stored in the tube

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Used for:

Oestrus staging in bitches
Early pregnancy in mares
Pregnancy in camelids (collect samples 15-20 days after removal of male)
Pregnancy in sows

‍

States

Prostatic Fluid Cytology

Suitable collection

EDTA is optimal for cytology
PC/H if sample is to be cultured

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL

‍

Turnaround time

24 - 48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

If sufficient fluid, place some in an EDTA tube and the rest in either a PC tube (without activator) or a sterile urine contain

States

Protein (total protein)

Suitable collection

PC - serum protein
LH - plasma protein
EDTA - plasma protein

‍

Unsuitable collection

Fluoride oxalate (glucose tube)

‍

Minimum sample size

2 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Prothrombin Time

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

PC
LH
EDTA

‍

Minimum sample size

Filled CIT tube for PT only
PLUS
2 mL EDTA if doing coagulation screen (including CBC)

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Beware of insufficiently filled OR overfilled CIT tubes; tubes must be filled to the line marked on the tube.
Beware of clots in the sample.
PT is the most sensitive indicator of vitamin K-rodenticide toxicity
If using the PT to monitor adequacy of duration of treatment, measure the PT 48 hours after discontinuation of vitamin K therapy

‍

States

Psittacine Beak & Feather Disease

Suitable collection

Feathers with some blood soaked in the quill (at least 2 feathers)
LH blood soaked into filter paper (200uL)

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
PC

‍

Minimum sample size

Feathers with some blood soaked in the quill (at least 2 feathers)
LH blood soaked into filter paper (200uL)

‍

Turnaround time

3 weeks

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

PCR test for Circovirus

‍

States

Psittacosis (avian)*

Suitable collection

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States

Q Fever (canine) IFA

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Minimum sample size

2ml whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

Tests are run on Tuesday
Cutoff time 7pm the previous working weekday.
Results are available by 12pm Thursday.

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

IFA test
Canine only

‍

States

RP2 - Ruminant profile

Suitable collection

EDTA
PC
FL

‍

Unsuitable collection

1ml in each tube

‍

Minimum sample size

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

RP2 contains a CBC, CK, AST, GGT, GLDH, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, BOHB, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, Na, K, Cl.

States

RPC2 - Camelid profile

Suitable collection

EDTA
PC
FL

‍

Unsuitable collection

Minimum sample size

1ml in each tube

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

RPC2 includes a CBC, CK, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulins, glucose, ketones.

States

Rabies Virus Antibody Titre (FAVN)*

Suitable collection

‍

Unsuitable collection

EDTA
LH
CIT
FL

‍

Minimum sample size

2 - 3 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

10 days

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralisation test
Samples are now sent to AAHL and not Biobest.
This test must be used for animals that will be returning to Australia.

‍

States

Recreational drug screen

Suitable collection

Urine

‍

Unsuitable collection

Blood

‍

Minimum sample size

5 mL

‍

Turnaround time

48 hours

‍

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

Detects:

Alcohol
Benzodiazepam (Valium)
THC/cannabis/marijuana
Cocaine metabolites
Amphetamines
Opiates
Methadone
Barbituates (need to specify this, need >5 mL for whole screen if barbiturates needed)

‍

States

Red Blood Cell Count

Suitable collection

EDTA
LH

‍

Unsuitable collection

‍

Minimum sample size

0.5 mL whole blood

‍

Turnaround time

24 hours

General

Indications

Interpretation of bacterial culture results

Collection protocol

Comments

States